Awareness and expression of personal emotions, thoughts, values, and behaviour.  Self-awareness is fundamental for self-regulation since it allows identifying promptly unwanted responses, making it easier to prevent and control undesired outcomes.

Understanding and regulating personal emotions, thoughts, and behaviour, including stress response. The deployment of strategies to attend and regulate emotions helps achieve better performance in personal, educational, and professional settings.

Nurturing optimism, hope, resilience, self-efficacy, and a sense of purpose to support learning and action. A sense of personal purpose enhances the motivation to actively pursue long-term goals.